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Free for mac instal Zhan Lang 22/29/2024 In addition to immune functions, microglia carry out a multitude of neurotrophic functions during CNS development and homeostasis ( Kierdorf and Prinz, 2017). They can be distinguished from other CNS cell types by their distinctive ramified morphology and expression of common myeloid markers including CD11b and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA1). Microglia are the primary innate immune cells in the CNS, capable of mounting inflammatory responses and phagocytosis. MAC2+ microglia were also present in non-treated adult mouse brains and exhibited immature transcriptomic signatures indistinguishable from those that survived CSF1R inhibition, supporting the notion that MAC2+ progenitor-like cells are present among adult microglia. Lineage-tracing studies revealed that these MAC2+ cells were of microglial origin. Importantly, MAC2/ Lgals3 was upregulated under CSF1R inhibition, and shared striking similarities with microglial progenitors in the yolk sac and immature microglia in early embryos. Using single-cell transcriptomic analysis, we characterized the heterogeneous microglial populations under CSF1R inhibition, including microglia with reduced homeostatic markers and elevated markers of inflammatory chemokines and proliferation. However, a small subset of microglia in mouse brains can survive without CSF1R signaling and reestablish the microglial homeostatic population after CSF1R signaling returns. The majority of microglia rely on CSF1R signaling for survival. Microglia are the resident myeloid cells in the central nervous system (CNS).
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